Distinguishing authorship
I REFER to the letter “Quality time supervising post-graduates” (
The Star,
Feb 16 - attached below) where the writer said: “The supervisor obtains grants for his
research and allows you to use the money to do your research. There is
no reason why he should not claim first authorship”.
This was one of the responses to the letter “Stop practice of ‘free riders” (
The Star, Feb 7- also attached below) which criticised the alleged practice of supervisors claiming authorship for students’ works.
It appears that there is a failure to appreciate the difference between authorship and ownership.
“Author”,
as defined under section 3 of Malaysia’s Copyright Act 1987, means “the
writer or the maker of the works”. It does not refer to a person who
pays for the work.
In our present context, authorship can only be acquired through some scholarly input into the work. Money cannot buy authorship.
Authorship must not be confused with ownership.
The latter refers to one’s property right in the work, which includes the right to exploit it for profit.
For example, an author and a publisher may co-own a work. But the publisher is not the author.
Likewise, the supervisor who has provided the funding may acquire ownership, but not authorship.
Being an author attracts certain rights.
No person may, without his/her consent, present the work without identifying the author or under a name other than the author’s.
This
is one of the author’s “moral rights” recognised by the law (section
25), which cannot be overridden without the author’s consent even if the
work is subsequently sold.
Of course, where the supervisor
constructs the framework for the research (more common for sciences than
for social sciences) and divides its components to be researched by her
students, the supervisor may appropriately be regarded as an author.
There is scholarly input on his/her part.
What about the credit due for supervision given?
This will depend on the common understanding between the supervisor and the student.
In
normal circumstances, the supervisor’s comments on a student’s work
does not give him authorship since it is either given gratuitously or in
pursuant to the supervisor’s obligation as a supervisor.
As the
legal holder of moral rights, the student may as a matter of courtesy
offer to include the supervisor’s name. But this is a matter of
discretion rather than obligation.
Supervision is a selfless
task. In my subject area, at least, supervisors conventionally disclaim
authorship (or rather, they do not assert).
To acknowledge their generosity and sacrifice, it is common to explicitly express our gratitude to them in our work.
A close and personal relationship, which will last for many years (or decades) to come, arises from such mutual respect.
ALVIN SEE Assistant Professor of Law Singapore Management University
- B.C.L., University of Oxford, 2010
- C.L.P., Malaysia, 2009
- LL.B. (First Class Honours), University of Leeds, 2008
Quality time supervising post-graduates
I REFER to the letter “Stop practice of free riders” (
The Star, Feb 7 - attached below) by Pola Singh.
The writer has missed the point by many miles. He has called supervisors by many idioms! One of which is “
lembu punya susu, sapi dapat nama”.
He
has misunderstood the whole process of postgraduate education. I don’t
think there are any supervisors who will force a student to work under
him like a “slave”. It is the student who chooses to work with a
particular supervisor.
The graduate student–supervisor
relationship is very personal and close. Yes, the student has to do all
the work under the close supervision of the supervisor. The supervisor
obtains grants for his research and allows you to use the money to do
your research. There is no reason why he should not claim first
authorship.
Of course in any publication there is no need for the
supervisor to put his name first, but the corresponding author must be
your supervisor. You cannot be the corresponding author simply because
you will not be able to answer the reviewers’ queries as well as he.
If you can, then you don’t need the postgraduate degree and you don’t need the supervisor.
Many professors and supervisors spend hours discussing, correcting and guiding many students to their postgraduate degrees.
PROF FAROOK ADAM School of Chemical Sciences
Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang
B. Sc. (with Education) (USM) 1981) M.Sc. (USM) 1992 D.Phil. ( Sussex ) 1998
Stop practice of ‘free riders’
I FEEL compelled to write after hearing the tales of graduate
students pursuing their doctorate degrees at local universities who are
exasperated with their professors for making use of them for their own
ends.
Graduate students, particularly those doing their doctorate
degrees, are at the mercy of their professors who demand this and that.
Topping
the list of unreasonable demands is the co-authorship of papers based
on the research done by the student for his PhD dissertation.
It
is the student who painstakingly prepares the literature review,
formulates the hypothesis, collects and analyses the data, draws up
conclusions and makes recommendations.
Yes, the conscientious
professor guides the student all the way (which in any case is part and
parcel of his work) but when it comes to the publication of a manuscript
based on the research findings, guess who gets all the credit?
Professors
take for granted that in an unequal relationship, they will get credit
for the hard work put in by the student and this is manifested by
putting their name as the first author of the research paper.
No
straight-thinking student would challenge this. In the worst case
scenario, the student’s name does not even appear on the manuscript.
It’s akin to the saying “
Lembu punyi susu, sapi dapat nama”.
Call this a form of exploitation but it is taking place all the time.
This imbalance of power leads some to label the students as “slaves”.
No
matter how friendly and accommodating professors are, they still hold
considerable power in deciding when the student will graduate.
Some
nasty professors demand that the thesis be rewritten again and again
and this frustrates the student who will do everything and anything to
complete his doctoral degree as soon as possible.
We can
understand why students are so afraid to bring such matters up to the
higher authorities. In the process, they suffer in silence and the
problem remains buried deep in the ground.
And it’s hard to say
“no” to a professor’s unreasonable demands because grad students need
the support of faculty members, who may happen to be members of their
dissertation committee, to pass and approve their thesis.
Many of
the department heads are so busy and sometimes overburdened with their
administrative duties that they have hardly any time to do serious
substantive research.
But as they aspire to go higher they need
to beef up their resume by coming up with more publications. This will
also increase their prospect of promotion and getting the elusive JUSA
(super scale) post.
Guess who does all the “donkey work” for
them? And yet some of these selfish professors do not even acknowledge
the contribution of the student, although their contribution in the
preparation of the paper has been minimal.
It’s easy to know who the culprits are.
Just
ask the academicians to submit a list of their publications and notice
the number of times the name of the professor is listed as the first
author followed by the students.
Sometimes, the subject matter or topic of a paper is the same but the student’s name is left out entirely.
This practice of “free riders” in the academic circle has to stop.
Graduate
students cannot be forever exploited. Vice-chancellors should not
condone such practices which are regarded as a norm not only in Malaysia
but also in developed countries.
A system has to developed by the Higher Education Ministry to ensure students get due credit for the work they have done.
What
can be immediately done is to send a circular that a professor cannot
take ownership of an article or paper that has been prepared entirely by
the graduate student based on his dissertation work.
If it is warranted, the professor’s name can be listed not as the first author but as co-author.
POLA SINGH Kuala Lumpur
