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Saturday, 15 April 2023

In desperation, US tries to drag EU into its camp

 

Clare Daly, a member of the European Parliament from Ireland, sat down with CGTN reporter Li Jingjing in Beijing on April 2 to discuss the current challenges Europe is facing and the importance of developing deeper and more stable ties with China. Daly believes most politicians in the EU understand the interconnectedness of relations with China and the necessity of it for the economy. Despite this, anti-China rhetoric is still on the rise as Europe finds itself under immense pressure from the United States.


China and Europe.

 

Editor's Note:

A flurry of trips by European leaders to China are taking place. It is in line with the interests of European citizens, and reflects a genuine and welcome effort on behalf of China to try and develop international relations, Clare Daly (Daly), an Irish politician and member of the European Parliament, told Global Times (GT) reporters Li Aixin and Wang Zixuan in an interview before wrapping up her China visit.

GT: During your China visit, there have been some European leaders coming to China or planning to visit China. What signal do you think it conveys?

Daly: We found it very interesting that everybody is coming to China. Brazilian President Lula is coming soon also. Everybody is beating at the door here. I think what it reflects is a very genuine and welcome effort on behalf of China to try and develop international relations.

To be honest, the relations between the EU and China have not been good. We have noticed, in the period of time since we have been in the European Parliament, hostility and anti-Chinese rhetoric creeping into the debates. That's not in the EU's interest. It doesn't make any sense.

We have tried to understand where it comes from. The only conclusion we can come to is that China is a "threat" to US economic interests, not security interests. In desperation, they [the US] are trying to drag the EU with them into their camp. But we don't think anybody should have camps.

China is a hugely important world economy. It's in the interests of the EU to have good relations with China. From what we've seen, [French] President Macron has improved his relations with China. The comments before European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen came were rude, undiplomatic, arrogant and beyond what the EU should be doing. It was quite disgraceful diplomatically. But this is what we have come to expect from the EU. 

 

 
https://youtube.com/shorts/MyYl2ViLyLw?feature=share

EU President Ursula von der Leyen https://youtube.com/shorts/MyYl2ViLyLw?feature=share via @YouTube

 We have a very weak leadership that is behaving in a way that is not in the interests of EU citizens. They need to stay on side with China, but they are bending the knee to the US like they always do. We think they should develop an independent path and forge good relations with everybody.

GT: Do you think the visits by European leaders might show that the EU's political circle is turning toward a more rational and practical mentality toward China?

Daly: I would like to think that, but I've seen too much of the EU think that rationality is part of their plan. Unfortunately, we shot ourselves in our two feet in terms of our relations with Russia in response to the war, rather than championing peace, as we should have been doing. We have been ensuring that the conflict continues there.

Would they suddenly become intelligent and rational? Unfortunately, I don't think so. I think it's probably a result of Chinese diplomacy. Let's hope that the outcome is better relations. I think the visits will certainly help.

More important, in some ways, is the role that China is playing now on the world stage in terms of international affairs, arguing for peace in Ukraine. That is very welcome, because for too long, the world has been dominated by the US who has acted in their own interests, as all countries do. But unfortunately, that interest was to the detriment of people all over the world, and all of us are paying a price for that. We would like to see a real return to international law and multilateral arrangements, which is not really possible in a US-dominated world.

GT: When the US media discussed the European leaders' visits to China, they said French diplomacy was undermining US efforts to reign China in. What's your take in this?

Daly: This is the constant mantra from the US, this is what they do all of the time. Sadly, they generally bring the EU with them and the EU repeats this nonsense as well. It just reveals that China is an economic "threat" to the US in terms their dominant position.

The US has been working full time to drive a wedge between the EU and China and Russia and everybody else. They are trying to hang on to their global position, which they are losing and will lose and have lost in reality. They've lost the hearts and minds of most of the world's population, but they are desperately trying to keep the EU, maybe Australia and the UK, as the last group of people to bring with them.

Unfortunately, those countries have a disproportionate influence on international bodies, way beyond their numbers. But we're in a new dawn of world relations and the old one, represented by the US and sadly the EU, is in decline. The EU doesn't have to be, and the US doesn't either. The US should have good relations with China. Everybody should work with everybody to their own mutual benefit. Sadly, the military industrial complex that dominates the political agenda in the US wanted a different way, and they need to have enemies and bad guys to justify the expenditure.

Clare Daly. Photo: Courtesy of Daly

Clare Daly. Photo: Courtesy of Daly

GT: How would you describe US and EU's role in the world?

Daly: What I think is that the global rule of the US is facing a long and agonizing death. Their days are coming to an end, but that death agony is going to be protracted and take some time.

We're living in an incredibly dangerous period in world history where there is an attempt to redevelop Cold War politics. Most of it is coming from the US. Sadly, the EU, rather than being on the side of saying, "no, we're not interested in that," have sided with the US in that agenda and they're playing that game.

They have sided into the "bad guys, good guys" narrative. They call it democracy vs authoritarianism, which is absolutely ridiculous. We have a chance to vote every five years. Usually the people we vote for tell lies and then they come into power, there's nothing we can do about it. So what is democracy? It's a bit crazy.

Europe should be aligning with the countries that form the majority of the world's population, which is outside the Global North, and arguing for peace in an independent way and working with everybody. They are not doing that. Hopefully. That will change.

GT: What do you think of China's position paper on the political settlement of the Ukraine crisis, and in what ways can China and Europe work together to ease or maybe end the conflict?

Daly: We very much welcome it. We are for peace, we are against war. We thought it was really helpful that the Chinese did come up with a peace plan. It's not detailed, it's common sense. It's what we have been saying since the beginning in the parliament. We think that Russia made a very big mistake. A lot of people have suffered since then and still are. World relations are in a very difficult place. The only way out of that is through peace and dialogue.

I think the proposal was helpful, but people need to get behind it. The problem is that Europe is still continuing to provide arms for Ukraine. They're still increasing and escalating the rhetoric and the hostility, which is growing all the time. When these things happen, it can get to a place where it's very hard to claw back.

We believe that President Lula's visit to China is partly linked with trying to see a peace plan for Ukraine. How sad that the leadership of the EU, on the continent of Europe, where the war is on, doesn't seem to be bothered.

It shows how much in control of the agenda is the military industrial complex, particularly in the US but right across Europe. Now we see a securitized agenda, in which there are attempts to even drag China into that as well through escalating tensions in Taiwan and so on.

GT: As the victim of the Nord Stream pipeline sabotage, why is Europe not carrying out a joint investigation into the bombing?

Daly: Because they're afraid of the truth - the only explanation that would make sense. Early on, they tried to say it was Russia who did it. The idea that they might blow up their own pipelines when they could just turn it off was a bit crazy. I'm glad that they have abandoned that lunacy.

If it was the US, which is entirely possible, then that is an act of war by the US, our supposed like-minded partner and friend. Your friends don't go around doing things like that. The ramifications will be enormous.

So the only reason is they know the answer or they are afraid of the answer, and they don't want to go there. But can you imagine if there was any suspicion or suggestion that China might have been involved in doing it, or Iran, or somebody like that, you would have had massive calls in the international community for sanctions, for investigations, meetings, everything. But now, the silence. The silence tells its own story.

GT: In the European Parliament, have you sensed pressure because of your position toward China?

Daly: We wouldn't call it pressure, but there is a racism there. There is anti-China racism and stereotyping. I find it very strange to understand where that has come from.

My belief is that it has to be created. When I was in school and when China began to come onto the world stage and opened up, everybody wanted to learn Chinese. If you were intelligent and you were really in the top, you would learn Chinese. If anybody went to China, people will be, "wow, you've gone to China, that's the cutting edge."

That's about 30 years ago. Now if you say you're going to China, people go, "Why are you going to China? That's scary! They're kind of the enemy." So how did we get into that place?

The media in Ireland has demonized us, [me and] my colleague Mick Wallace, who is a kind of a celebrity in Chinese state media. They say we are the puppets of authoritarian regimes, because some of the comments that we make may have been covered on Chinese television, but the comments we make are covered in Irish television, on American television. It doesn't make us puppets of Europe or America.

It's ignorance, but it doesn't change anything. Our job is to use the chance we have in the parliament of Europe, which is very unrepresentative of the citizens of Europe. So don't worry, if crazy people in the European Parliament are voting on stupid motions that make no sense, our job is to use that platform to represent the interests of the citizens of Europe. The interest of the citizens of Europe is to have good relations with China.

And it's a bit crazy because all of the media and some of the politicians in the countries who complain - they all have diplomatic relations with China, they all have business relations with China.

Relations are bad. It's not China's fault, I think China is doing what it can do. But the door isn't open enough. So hopefully some of these visits now are the beginning of the door opening, the beginning of breaking that US domination and the idea that the EU must be in their camp and not China's camp.

The countries where most people in the world live, big economies, Brazil, South Africa, India, all those emerging economies, they're all going to follow China. And the Global North will be sitting in that little corner thinking they're the most important when the world has changed dramatically when they were asleep.

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Thursday, 13 April 2023

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Wednesday, 12 April 2023

These glands churn out essential hormones

 ;

Here is an unusually dark skin (hyperpigmented) hands of a child with adrenal insufficiency compared to his sibling. — Photo: Dr JEANNE WONG SZE LYN

 

adrenal glands loc­ated above the kid­neys.

 The adrenal glands and their hormones are vital for life

The adrenal glands are small triangle-shaped glands located on top of the kidneys. They produce hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone and adrenaline.

These hormones help to regulate essential body functions that include blood pressure, metabolism, salt homeostasis and the body’s response to stress and infections.

The release of hormones by the adrenal glands is controlled in part by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain. The kidneys and the body’s sympathetic nervous system also interact with the adrenal glands.

The adrenal glands are composed of two parts: the cortex (outer part) and the medulla (inner part).

Each part is responsible for producing different hormones. Cortisol, aldosterone and androgens are produced at the cortex and adrenaline and noradrenaline at the medulla.

Adrenal hormones

Cortisol: A glucocorticoid hormone that helps the body to respond to illness and injury. It also helps to maintain normal blood pressure, glucose levels and sleep-wake rhythm.Common symptoms of adrenaline insufficiency.Common symptoms of adrenaline insufficiency.  

The com­mon symp­toms of adrenal insuf­fi­ency

Aldosterone: A mineralocorticoid hormone that stabilises blood pressure, salt and water in the body.

Androgens: These hormones are also known as “male” hormones. The most commonly known androgen is testosterone. Androgens are usually thought of as male hormones, but the females produce a small number of androgens too.

Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine): These hormones are sometimes called the “fight or flight” hormones.

They make the heart pump faster and stronger, regulate blood pressure and glucose levels.

Like cortisol hormones, these hormones are released in larger amounts when the body faces stressful situations.

Can we live without adrenal glands?

The adrenal glands produce essential hormones that the body cannot function without.

Babies and children who do not make enough cortisol or aldosterone hormones can develop a life-threatening medical condition known as adrenal crisis.

In adrenal crisis, the blood pressure and glucose levels are low.

There is also an imbalance of essential salts in the body.

An adrenal crisis usually happens in times of stress such as during an acute illness, surgery or if a child with an adrenal disorder is not taking his or her medications appropriately.

What common conditions affect the adrenal glands?

Adrenal gland disorders happen when the adrenal glands make too much or too little of one or more hormones.

Some conditions are temporary whereas others are life-long.

Causes of adrenal disorders include:

> Genetic mutations which affects the production of adrenal hormones e.g. congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal leukodystrophy

> Autoimmune diseases involving the adrenal glands

> Damage to the adrenal glands through injury, infection or blood loss.

> Adrenal tumours

> Hypothalamus or pituitary gland disorders in the brain which regulate release of adrenal glands hormones

> Certain medications, such as prolonged use of steroids.

The symptoms of adrenal gland disorders depend on which hormones are affected and if it is too much or too little.

Many of the symptoms may be similar to other illnesses and need to be correlated with the history and examination by the specialist doctor.

Adrenal insufficiency (not enough adrenal hormones)

Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the body is unable to produce enough cortisol and sometimes aldosterone.

This usually happens due to genetic conditions or damage to the adrenal glands following surgery, injury, blood loss or an infection.

Adrenal insufficiency can also happen when the pituitary gland in the brain fails to produce adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which is the signal that regulates adrenal function.

Long-term steroid medications such as prednisolone, hydrocortisone or dexamethasone may also results in suppression of production of ACTH resulting in the adrenal glands producing less endogenous cortisol.

Hence children who had received prolonged or high doses of steroids need to have their adrenal function monitored.

A child with adrenal insufficiency may have these symptoms:

> Unexplained poor weight gain

> Easily tired

> Severe illness

> Low blood pressure and glucose levels, and

> Salt cravings.

They may also appear to have unusually dark skin pigmentation especially at the skin creases, and gums.

In certain adrenal condition, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the baby or child may have abnormal sexual characteristics e.g. enlargement of the clitoris in girls and penile enlargement in young pre-pubertal boys.

Cushing syndrome

Cushing syndrome is a condition that is due to excess cortisol. It can be from an outside source for example taking long-term or high doses of steroid medications

 

The com­mon symp­toms of Cush­ing Syn­drome.

More rarely, Cushing syndrome can be due to excess production of the hormone by the body itself such as by an adrenal tumour or growth in the pituitary gland, which stimulates the adrenal glands to make too much hormones.

Common symptoms in children are:

> Weight gain, more prominent at the face and belly

> Poor growth despite weight gain

> Muscle wasting

> Increased hair growth over the body.

Complications include:

> High blood pressure

> Diabetes

> Prone to infections

> Thin, easily bruised skin

> Brittle bones, and

> Irregular menses in adolescent girls.

Diagnosis and testing

Diagnosis of adrenal disorders is based on the history, physical examination and blood test that measure the amount of adrenal hormones in the body.

Interpretation of adrenal hormone levels must be correlated with the probable cause and clinical picture.

Sometimes additional endocrine (hormone) stimulation tests or imaging of the brain and adrenal glands are needed.

Treatment options

If the adrenal gland does not make enough hormones, treatment consists of replacing these hormones with medication; e.g. steroid (glucocorticoids) medication is needed to replace cortisol.

Some children may also need to take Fludrocortisone medication to replace aldosterone.

During acute illness or surgery, the steroid medication needs to be taken in larger amounts. In rare cases where the adrenal gland is producing too much hormones e.g, certain adrenal tumours, medications are given to suppress the hormones or to relieve the symptoms.

The underlying cause for the adrenal disorder must also be addressed, e.g. surgical removal of tumours where indicated.

The duration of treatment depends on the underlying cause. Medications often need to be taken life-long in genetic causes.

In others, such as in adrenal insufficiency due to tapering off of long-term steroid use, treatment is only needed until the adrenal glands “wake up” and begin producing its own hormones again.

With treatment, the symptoms of adrenal insufficiency can be controlled enabling children with this condition to live normal lives.

However, regular specialist follow-up and blood testing are important for treatment adjustment to ensure proper growth, development and prevention of adrenal crisis.

Dr Jeanne Wong Sze Lyn is a consultant paediatrician and paediatric endocrinologist. This is the fourth article in a monthly series called Hormones and Kids. For more information, email starhealth@thestar.com.my. The information provided is for educational purposes only and should not be considered as medical advice. The Star does not give any warranty on accuracy, completeness, functionality, usefulness or other assurances as to the content appearing in this article. The Star disclaims all responsibility for any losses, damage to property or personal injury suffered directly or indirectly from reliance on such information. 

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Tuesday, 11 April 2023

Fighting dengue mosquito with Wolbachia

 

How do male Wolbachia-Aedes mosquitoes help suppress dengue mosquito population?

 

 Prof Ooi Eng Eong on using Wolbachia-Aedes mosquitoes to control dengue

Wolbachia mosquitoes have been released in some 39 localities since the “successful” pilot run of a dengue control project in 2017 that significantly reduced cases, according to the Institute for Medical Research (IMR).

The IMR, which is the research arm of the Health Ministry, told The Star that the Malaysian Wolbachia project that was launched on March 28, 2017, saw Wolbachia-carrying Aedes mosquitoes being released at 11 dengue hotspots in the Klang Valley.

“After one year of release, dengue cases decreased significantly,” it said.

IMR said that “after seeing the promising effect of the initial releases and being impressed by the apparent success of the trial”, the Health Ministry’s Disease Control Department, in collaboration with the IMR, has deployed Wolbachia-carrying Aedes to 28 more localities.

“The outcomes of this operational programme serve as the basis for future expansion of releases in additional dengue-prone areas.

“Malaysia is the first endemic country to use Wolbachia mosquitoes for dengue control. The Health Ministry has established a five-year plan for the release of Wolbachia mosquitoes in dengue hotspots as its rollout programme,” it said.

Vector control, consisting of source reduction, chemical control, biological control, and even genetic control, was one of the strategies used to combat Aedes-borne viruses, IMR said.

Biological control consists of using Wolbachia mosquitoes and the “sterile insect technique”.

“The Malaysian approach is a replacement strategy, where both male and female mosquitoes are released to replace the wild Aedes population in the field,” IMR said.

In other words, the “bad” Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are replaced with “good” Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

The female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia prevent the growth of dengue virus in the mosquitoes so that the dengue virus could not be transmitted when mosquitoes bite humans, it added.

IMR said the added benefit of the Wolbachia strategy was that it prevented the mosquito from picking up dengue virus from dengue patients who are asymptomatic.

“The asymptomatic transmission of dengue virus to mosquitoes through mosquito bites has been known for years, but there has been no solution to prevent it, but with the Wolbachia strategy, the solution is there,” it said.

When contacted last month, Health director-general Tan Sri Noor Hisham Abdullah said that analysis had shown that dengue cases had been reduced by 75% to 100% in the 14 localities where the Wolbachia Mosquito Operation (WMO) had been implemented for at least two years.

“Nevertheless, ongoing evaluation is required to assess the effectiveness of WMO in reducing dengue cases as well as its impact on averting dengue morbidity and mortality in the long term,” he said.

He said the WMO, which was launched in 2019, had also become a novel tool for vector control under the National Dengue Control and Prevention Programme.

Since July 2019, 28 high-dengue burden localities in Selangor (10), Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya (7), Penang (4), Kelantan (2), Johor (2), Pahang (2), and Melaka (1) have been selected to implement WMO in a staggered manner.

Wolbachia is a bacterium and a form of biological control that is naturally occurring in 60%-70% of insects, spiders and nematodes.

It is usually introduced into Aedes mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of dengue viruses.

The Wolbachia bacteria stops the dengue virus from replicating, so the mosquito does not spread the virus when it bites. 

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Monday, 10 April 2023

Any contagion from US banking crisis?

 


THE collapse of four banks in the United States and Europe has sent fears of systemic risks throughout the global banking system.

Currently, the risk of contagion in Malaysia is low, given the limited direct and indirect exposure of the domestic banking system as well as the swift action taken by United States and Swiss regulators to contain their respective banking crises.

Banks in Malaysia are also generally well-capitalised with healthy liquidity positions, underpinned by a stable and diversified funding base.

Moreover, Bank Negara keeps a close watch on all banks operating locally as compared to the two-tier system in the United States, said RHB Banking Group regional sector head, group wholesale banking David Chong Voon Chee.

The United States has a dual banking system, with national banks regulated on the federal level and state banks regulated by each state.

Still, we should monitor for second and third order effects from these events, where possible cause-and-effects could lead to market volatility, tighter access to credit and ultimately, slower global growth.

In the United States, Californiabased Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) and New York’s Signature Bank, collapsed due to heavy losses on their bond portfolios and a huge run on deposits.

San Diego-based Silvergate Bank, which catered largely to cryptocurrency companies, had voluntarily wound down its operations.

As investors began ditching out anything related to banking risks, Switzerland’s scandal-ridden Credit Suisse also collapsed as its largest shareholder, Saudi National Bank, stopped investing in it.

As a result of the banking crisis in March, 2023, the jump in risk indicators – credit default swaps of major US and European banking names as well as US sovereign credit default swaps – has become worrying.

However, their levels are still far from the highs of the global financial crisis of 2008.

A credit default swap is a financial derivative that allows investors to offset their credit risks with that of another investor.

But volatility outside of rates – in other asset classes like foreign exchange, equities and commodities – remain relatively modest by historical standards, implying that the crisis is not systemic, said United Overseas Bank in a report.

In the case of Malaysian banks, beyond the minimum level of 8% for total capital ratio (TCR), excess capital stands at about Rm196bil, as of January.

Meanwhile, TCR (the ratio of total capital to total risk-weighted assets) at 18.9% in January is way above the prescribed level of 8%.

This means that banks have substantial buffer in their capital levels where they are able to absorb a significant amount of loans impairment and market volatility, said Bank Muamalat chief economist and social finance, Mohamed Afzanisam Abdul Rashid.

Despite external uncertainties, this indicates that borrowing and lending activities can be conducted seamlessly, while households and businesses are able to access credit from the banking sector without hassle.

Nevertheless, every financing application will be subjected to their eligible criteria including repayment history and the level of indebtedness.

Malaysian banks also usually have a relatively smaller portion of assets in investments while interest rate increase is less drastic, and hence, the mark-to-market losses would be comparatively smaller, said Fortress Capital Asset Management Sdn Bhd CEO Thomas Yong.

If a security was bought at a certain price and the market price dropped later, it would result in an unrealised loss, marking the security down to the new market price would lead to mark-to-market losses.

Malaysian banks also have a large portion of household depositors, while business depositors are diversified across different industries.

Hence, the need for a large amount of liquidity to fund withdrawals is less urgent.

While there will be jitters, banks in Malaysia are well-regulated besides having a diversified depositor base, they also have retailers who are more loyal, said Etiqa Insurance and Takaful chief strategy officer Chris Eng.

The funding base of the Malaysian banking system remained strong, with an aggregate liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) and net stable funding ratio of 154% and 118.2% respectively, at the end of 2022.

The LCR seeks to ensure that banks hold sufficient high-quality assets, while the net stable funding ratio calculates the proportion of available over required stable funding.

More than 80% of banks’ high quality liquid assets are in the form of placements with Bank Negara and government bonds, which banks can access and pledge in the interbank market or with Bank Negara for additional liquidity, according to Maybank Investment Bank in a report.

Foreign currency external debt-at-risk was manageable, at Rm80.4bil or 20.3% of total banking system external debt.

Loans under repayment assistance programmes declined to 4.2% of total banking system loans at the end of 2022, from 5.7% at the end of June, 2022.

Loan loss coverage ratio (which indicates how protected a bank is against future losses), including regulatory reserves, remained high at 118.2% at the end of 2022.

Since the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, Malaysia’s banking industry has gone through a significant consolidation which brought down the number of banks from more than 60 to about 10 banks by early 2020.

Non-performing loans had led to the creation of Danaharta Nasional to address non-performing accounts while banks concentrated on running their businesses.

Risk management oversight was implemented at a robust pace and Malaysian banks were required to run multiple scenarios for the stress testing of their balance sheets.

This resulted in well-capitalised and highly liquid banks as well as sound credit underwriting standards.

Following the recent banking crisis, banks especially those in the United States and Europe, now need to defend and fight for their credit worthiness.

While fears of contagion are being allayed for now, caution and constant monitoring will prevail. 

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