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Saturday, 17 December 2011

Different breed of entrepreneurs



entrepreneur-001
Photo courtesy of Technorati

The old school and new school think, feel and act differently – all in the name of business

ON YOUR OWN by TAN THIAM HOCK

SOME 50 odd years ago, my partner's father, Ang Toon Chew was staying in a hotel in Johor Bahru when he bumped into two reputable commodity traders whom he had heard of by reputation but never met before. That was the first time he had come face to face with Robert Kuok and Tan Chin Nam. They were among the early batch of famous entrepreneurs trading across Bangkok, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.

From this chance meeting, they created a business alliance that spawned many joint ventures and collaborations. Together with a few other associates, they created their own business empires by being pioneers in many industries. They pooled their financial resources in those days when capital was scarce and stayed united through a maze of cross holdings that were complemented by complete mutual trust.

Right after Malaysia gained independence, the Ang family initiated the setting up of Petaling Garden (PGB) and together with all their business associates pooled an initial paid up capital of RM1mil. In the early 60s, this capital enabled PGB to buy many pieces of land that finally became Section 5 & 6, Gasing Hill and Section 17. Ang's son, Ang Guan Seng was tasked to manage this company and he stayed there for almost 50 years and was believed to hold the record as the longest serving Managing Director of a Public listed company in Malaysia.

Robert Kuok managed the sugar and flour business and set up Shangri-la Hotel, again with these few close associates. Datuk Tan Chin Nam set up Ipoh Garden (IGB) and went on to own one of the most successful racing horse stables in the world. Their billion dollar empires were built brick by brick and often side by side. Just pure collective blood, sweat and tears.

I have admired a few master entrepreneurs in my short career and all of them tend to be “old school”. Nothing against the young entrepreneurs, as it takes more than one or two successful business ventures to earn the “master” accolade. The old Master has tasted more failures than success, cheated by those that he trusted and has sailed through countless economic storms and business cycles.

The entrepreneurs of yesteryear grow commodities, built factories that produce useful merchandise, built homes and create jobs. They work with the government to build a nation. Entrepreneurs nowadays create shareholder's value, just numbers on a piece of paper as it is the easiest route to instant riches.

I admire Robert Kuok for his vision. His ability to see beyond communism and poverty. His courage to commit himself to the Chinese market way before anyone else did. His code of honour in his dealings earned the trust of the Communist Government. This master entrepreneur will eventually build over a hundred hotels and malls in many cities across China on prime commercial land that costs him zilch.



I admire Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan for his non sentimental predatory instincts. Buy companies, build the business and sell for 10 times what he paid for. His negotiating skills are legendary. Just ask EON Bank. Take it or leave it. All young entrepreneurs should learn to study his poker face. Just don't blink first.

I admire Datuk Tan Chin Nam for his flamboyance. His gung ho enthusiasm made the “old school” look sexy. He built the first condominium in Malaysia when land was in abundance and Mont Kiara was still a rubber estate. He ploughed everything into the development of Mid Valley during a major recession to be the owner of the largest shopping mall in Malaysia.

Datuk Tan was well known for his charming disposition. He romanced Australia in the 70s and the 80s and was the leading Malaysian investor in properties and race horse breeding. His horses won the Melbourne Cup numerous times. He was on buddy terms with the first Prime Minister, Tuanku Abdul Rahman and was a proud friendship and business ambassador for Malaysia.

I admire my late partner, Mr. Ang Guan Seng for his generosity. Ever willing to help his friends and suppliers, he has helped many small entrepreneurs to become self made millionaires. He showed me the virtues of patience and humility, and taught me how to value friendship and properties. Honesty and integrity builds confidence among your business associates and bankers.

Now that my mentor is gone, I am truly on my own. Whenever in doubt, I always find comfort from his words of wisdom. The constant reminder to be thankful for what I have and to have survived the many mistakes that I have made.

Nostalgia aside, let's compare the “old school” with the “new world” entrepreneurs.

Highly educated and tech savvy, the “new world” entrepreneur is impatient to build his business empire. To fast track his ambitions, he engages the financial market to raise funds. With a suave personality and refined marketing skills, he entices fair weather fund managers to invest in his company with promises of enhanced shareholder values.

His reduced shareholdings is compensated by rising valuation but he is now exposed to takeover bids.

The old entrepreneur always works silently with the government and would avoid confrontation. The new entrepreneur derives his courage from his political affiliation. The emergence of sovereign funds like PNB and Khazanah has complicated the political equation. Throw in the ambitious GLCs and we have a battlefield where confrontation is unavoidable.

New entrepreneurs engage in marriage of convenience. Old entrepreneurs still believe in the institution of marriage where integrity and friendship are valued highly. The new image is all about high profile personal branding. The old stays anonymous and feels more comfortable operating behind the chaotic scenes.

If you believe in the old way of doing business like me, stay away from businesses that has attracted the interests of the powerfully connected funds, GLC's and politicians. Despite the shrinking economic pie, you can still make a comfortable living without compromising your integrity.

But if you intend to make a billion ringgit within 10 years, go ahead and be a “new world” entrepreneur. Embrace reality with your eyes wide open. Good luck.

l The writer is an entrepreneur who hopes to share his experience and insights with readers who want to take that giant leap into business but are not sure if they should. Email him at thtan@alliancecosmetics.com

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Friday, 16 December 2011

Enabling Self-Employment for Those Who Want It



Scott Shane Scott Shane, Forbes Contributor

Few people who work for others think that going into business for themselves in the near future is feasible.  A 2009 survey of 26,000 randomly selected people in 36 countries found that two-thirds of those currently working for others don’t believe that being self-employed within five years is viable.

In most countries, more people want to be self-employed than think they can.  The Gallup Organization survey revealed that in the average country in which people were queried, the share of people who preferred self-employment was 12 percentage points higher than the share who said that doing so would be possible in the near term.

But  interest in self-employment wasn’t greater than its feasibility everywhere.  As the figure below shows, more people said that going to work for themselves was possible than actually wanted to do so in the Nordic countries.  In Iceland, for instance, the share of people who want to become self-employed is 33 percentage points less than the proportion of the population that believes that going into business is feasible.

Moreover, the gap between self-employment preference and feasibility varied greatly across demographics.  Among those 55 and older, the share of the population desirous of self-employment was 25 percentage points higher than the share that considers it possible within five years.  Yet for those 25 to 39, there is no gap between the two measures.



Unemployed people are also more likely than those with jobs to believe that acting on their entrepreneurial preferences would be difficult.  The Gallup survey shows a 21 percentage point gap between the fraction of unemployed people that would prefer to be self-employed and the slice that thinks becoming self-employed in the next five years is feasible. For those with jobs, the gap is only two percentage points.

The gap between preference and feasibility was also large for less educated people.  For the least educated group surveyed, a 23 percentage point gap existed between the proportion of respondents who said they would prefer self-employment and the fraction that thought self-employment within five years was possible. However, only a three percentage point gap existed between “preference” and “feasibility” for the most educated people surveyed.

Percent Who Would Like to be Self-Employed Minus the Percent Who Consider It Feasible.


Source: Created from Data in the Flash Eurobarometer

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The Web in 2012: Five predictions






by Stephen Shankland CNET News 

Five browser logos

Given how fast the Web is changing, it can be hard to see what's going to happen next week, much less next year.

After simmering for a few years last decade, the Web has been a frenzy of activity in the last few years. Developers are advancing what can be done, people are spending more time on the Web, and browser makers are locked in intense competition.

Broadly speaking, it's easy to see that Web technology will get more important and more sophisticated. But if for some detail, here are my five predictions for what'll happen next year.

IE10 knocks our socks off

Internet Explorer 9 was the warning shot across the bow for Web developers and rival browser makers, but Microsoft was playing catch-up after years of neglect. Watching the pace of development for IE10 reveals that the company is on fire. It's moved from catch-up to leading-edge. Where IE once was years behind Firefox, Safari, Opera, and Chrome with support for new standards, it's now neck-and-neck, and Microsoft is actively contributing to standards development.

Microsoft has more than pride resting on IE10. It's a foundation for the new Metro-style apps on Windows 8, which means all that work to bring fancy animation effects and hardware acceleration to the Web will carry over to Windows, too. Microsoft has bet the farm on Web technologies, so you can bet IE10 will be strong.

IE10 won't be for everyone. You'll need Windows 7 or Windows 8. IE9 left the legions of Windows XP users behind, and IE10 will add Windows Vista to the discard pile. That'll limit its influence with the mainstream public. But despite all Microsoft's troubles as it scrambles to follow Apple into the tablet and smartphone market, IE10 will be a force. The PC market may have grown stale, in the words of Intel Chief Executive Paul Otellini, but it's still big, and building IE10 into Windows 8 gives it a big presence. Also, if you're on a legacy version of Internet Explorer like IE6 or IE7, watch out--in January, Microsoft will start forcing you to move to a more modern version.

There's one big caveat here: WebGL. Microsoft has very publicly bad-mouthed it as a security risk. WebGL allies believe Microsoft will come around once it realizes WebGL can be made as secure as Microsoft's own new Silverlight 3D interface. But if the programmers in Redmond stay recalcitrant, maybe you'll have to tab over to another browser when it's time for your Web-based gaming.



Web games take off

Games on the Web are nothing new, but in 2012, they're going to look a lot different. Instead of primitive graphics or a reliance on Adobe Systems' Flash Player, Web games will look more like what we're used to seeing on consoles.

The Web grew up as a medium for documents, and it's only gradually become more interactive as browsers' JavaScript performance exploded, JavaScript programming tools improved, and feature such as Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and Canvas improved 2D graphics. Now elaborate Web apps such as Facebook or Google Docs are the norm, and JavaScript programmers are in high demand.

But things are changing with the influx of a new breed of Web developers: those used to programming in the lower-level C or C++ languages. These are the coders who build the console games with advanced 3D graphics and heavy-duty physics engines, and their games are the ones where speedboats splash through transparent, reflecting, rippling water.

There are two hardware-accelerated technologies duking it out to enable this future. First is WebGL, a 3D graphics interface which began at Mozilla, was standardized by the Khronos Group, and is now built into Firefox, Chrome, and Opera. Second is Native Client, a Chrome-only technology that can run adapted versions of the original C and C++ games. WebGL fits into the Web world better and has broader support, but it's tied to JavaScript. Native Client, aka NaCl, has yet to win over any browser makers besides Google itself.

Other technologies will lend a big helping hand, too: the newly finished WebSocket for fast communications and Web Workers for better multitasking.

These technologies will eventually trickle down to the mobile realm, though I expect only baby steps in 2012. Still, that should help fan the flames of the competition between Web apps and native apps on mobile.

I don't expect one to win out over the other (or to squeeze Flash Player off our personal computers, for that matter--the new Flash Player 11 has new hardware-accelerated 3D technology, too). But I do expect WebGL and NaCl will be used to make today's browser look nearly as static as paper.

Chrome surpasses Firefox

When Google's browser first emerged as a stripped-down beta project more than three years ago, people laughed. Not anymore.

In 2012, expect Chrome to pass Mozilla's Firefox for the No. 2 spot in Net Applications' browser ranking. It already is No. 2 by StatCounter's scores, but that measures page views, not people, and I think the latter is a better reflection of the competitive dynamic.

Mozilla has been working hard to shake off the cobwebs and make Firefox leaner, faster, and less of a memory hog. But Google's browser continues its steady rise, and Google under new Chief Executive Larry Page has made Chrome one of the company's new divisions.

Chrome is an important vehicle to deliver Google technology to the world, most notably Web-acceleration ideas such as SPDY, TLS False Start, WebP, and the Dart alternative to JavaScript. Chrome's wide use gives Google a place at the standards-setting table that's crucial as it tries to make the Web into a rich programming foundation.

The risk that comes with Chrome's rise is that Google will fragment the Web. It's had some success getting its browser ideas to catch on. For example, Mozilla is interested in SPDY for faster page loading, and Amazon's Silk browser uses it already. But Google is encouraging developers to create extensions and Web apps that can be distributed through the Chrome Web Store, for Chrome and Chrome OS only. A Chrome-only version of the Web hearkens back to the bad old days of IE6's dominance, when writing to Web standards was a secondary concern.

Google re-ups with Mozilla

One thing I don't expect in 2012 is for Google to cease being Mozilla's biggest benefactor by walking away from a years-old search partnership that ended in November.

With the partnership, people using Firefox's search box send traffic to Google's search engine. When they click on the search ads they see there, advertisers pay Google, and Google gives some of that revenue back to Mozilla.

It's true that Google could seriously hurt Firefox by scrapping the partnership, though Mozilla could certainly hook up its revenue hose to Microsoft's Bing if it did. But I don't think Google will drop Mozilla.
First, Mozilla and Google, despite differences, both are passionately interested in building a better Web. Chrome's purpose is not to vanquish rival browsers, it's to improve the Web, and in that, Mozilla is more an ally than enemy.

Second, paying Mozilla a few tens of millions of dollars a year is peanuts to Google--and Google still keeps its share of the search-ad revenue that Mozilla was responsible for Google generating in the first place.

Last, and perhaps not least, hanging Mozilla out to dry would show Google to be a big bully. That's not an image you want when you're constantly tangling with antitrust authorities. Google and Mozilla might significantly modify their arrangement, but they won't part ways.

Chrome on Android arrives

Chrome is based on the open-source WebKit browser engine project. Android's unbranded browser is, too. I bet that in 2012, the latter will pick up the brand name of the former.

Android was based on WebKit but had been developed in isolation. Now Google is merging programming work again, making the Android browser less of an alien offshoot. That should make it easier for Google to achieve the compatibility requirements that it evidently feels are part of the Chrome brand's promise.

That would match what Apple does, offering Safari for both Mac OS and iOS. Chrome is one of Google's most important brands, and it's not getting its money's worth out of it yet.

One thing I'd expect before seeing Chrome on an Android phone or tablet: sync. Right now, Chrome is ever better at keeping the same bookmarks, passwords, and browsing history across multiple installations.

Moving to Android, though, a Chrome user loses all that. The Android browser's isolation is a poor fit for Google's ambition to keep us all happy in its corner of the Web, with seamless connections between one product and another.

Mobile browsing is getting steadily more important; expect its growth in usage to continue to outpace that of personal computers. Web developers will have to keep up, and now it's important to recognize that tablets are in many ways more like PCs than smartphones.

Because of the iPad's tablet dominance and the fact that iPhone owners seem to use online services more often, though, expect iOS to remain the dominant mobile browser.

Stephen Shankland writes about a wide range of technology and products, but has a particular focus on browsers and digital photography. He joined CNET News in 1998 and since then also has covered Google, Yahoo, servers, supercomputing, Linux and open-source software and science.

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Thursday, 15 December 2011

Top 10 universities in South East Asia, Malaysia not in!



According to Webometric Ranking of World Universities, the Top 10 universities in South-East of Asia are:
National University of Singapore
1. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
2. NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY , SINGAPORE
3. KASETSART UNIVERSITY , THAILAND
4. CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY , THAILAND
5. PRINCE OF SONGKLA UNIVERSITY , THAILAND
6. ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY , THAILAND
7. CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY , THAILAND
8. THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY , THAILAND
9. ASSUMPTION UNIVERSITY OF THAILAND
10. KHON KAEN UNIVERSITY, THAILAND


Out of the top 10 ranking South East Asia universities, 2 are from Singapore , and the balance 8 universities are from Thailand . Also, on the Top 100 list, Thailand has 41 universities, Myanmar 18, Indonesia 14, the Philippines 13, and Singapore 7.

In Asia , the Top 10 universities are :


1. UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO
2. NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY
3. KYOTO UNIVERSITY
4. BEIJING UNIVERSITY
5. KEIO UNIVERSITY
6. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
7. UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
8. CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
9. NATIONAL CHIAO TUNG UNIVERSITY
10. NAGOYA UNIVERSITY

Out of the Top 10 ranking universities in ASIA, 4 are from Japan, 5 are from China, and the remaining 1 is from Singapore . We are also nowhere near the Top 100 universities in Asia . In terms of Global Ranking, None of Malaysia 's universities are anywhere near the TOP 1000 universities.


Well, the fact speaks for itself ! Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, and Singapore are way ahead of Malaysia . Despite all our constant shouting of Malaysia boleh this and that, and all the emotional rhetoric of shiok sendiri and self denials, we are already an academic backwaters nation in South East Asia , we shake our heads...
We have always personally railed against Man's dependency on numeric evidence as proof of superiority but before we get too ahead with this argument, let us explain.

'Numeric evidence' means the use of numbers to represent one's status. If you have $500,000 and I have $100, you are wealthier than I or so the numeric evidence suggests. If you have a 5-litre engine motorcar, it is definitely a better car than my 1.6-litre car or so the numeric evidence suggests. If you have 10 titles bestowed on your life by the Sultan and the King, you are most assuredly a better person than most of us are.

And so it goes that if a student scores an exemplary number of distinctions (A's in Malaysia ) in a public exam, he/she is considered the pinnacle of what the country's education system is capable of producing. He/she is expected to go through tertiary education anywhere in the world with flushing success. So what could possibly have happened if she fails abroad?

Malaysia‘s education system has always been a laughing stock.

Based purely on numeric superiority and mindless rote learning methods that even the British has long abandoned decades earlier, Malaysia continues to believe that the more A's a student attains, the better equipped he/she is. It doesn't matter how he/she gets the A's so long as the aim is to get them and get as many in the process. So if the student were to labour over numerous past year exam papers in the library, memorise the answers and focus only on what the teacher 'suggests' are likely to come out for the exam, that's alright by everyone. The education system doesn't teach the students to UNDERSTAND the material. It doesn't encourage proactive teaching methods that encourage students to discover knowledge but to merely be taught.

When a student with 17 Distinctions fail in the real world, it is not a surprise. Perhaps it is to many Malaysians, but it's a system that is waiting to reward its students with spectacular failure when they leave the shores and compete overseas or when they enter the workforce.
Many organisations in the private sector have continued to be horrified at the performance of such students during interviews. Communication skills are absent. Standard ethics are absent. Common courtesy codes are absent. Presentation skills as well as personal grooming are absent. What has the education system taught them?

If Malaysia continue to embark on the road of plain numeric superiority instead of to challenge the students to think, provoke them to create their own opinions and to communicate expressively, to eloquently define their standing in the world, there can never be an international leader in any field or industry emanating from Malaysia. It never produced one in the last 20 years. It never will for the next 100 years. 

 
FRIDAY, JULY 24, 2009

The Failure of Nur Amalina (who scored 17As)
I was really shocked and speechless to be informed about Nur Amalina Che Bakri.

Nur Amalina had held briefly the record of the most A's scored in the
Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia. Upon the announcement of results of SPM 2004 on 26 March 2005, she received 17 1As - a record for number of A's received by a student in the history of Malaysian education back then. She was sponsored by Bank Negara Malaysia to study medicine in the United Kingdom, and did her A-levels at the Cheltenham Ladies College in the UK.

Now I am informed that she had failed her second year medical study at the University of Edinburgh . I really hope this is not true......if it is, what went wrong?

Could English language be the problem? We are going back to Malay medium again and that means trouble.

God, please save Malaysia...!

"Life is a bunch of experiences and I am going to make it as incredible as possible"

Food for Thought: Top 10 universities in South-East of Asia ..!  Is it English?

Nanjing Massacre remembered!



Photos: China Remembers the Nanjing Massacre

blogs.wsj.com
 
Events were staged Tuesday to remember the victims of the Nanjing massacre on its 74th anniversary. Occupied by Japanese troops on Dec. 13, 1937, China's former southern capital city suffered a six-week massacre in which more than 300,000 were... Edit

The Nanjing Massacre « Talesfromthelou's Blog
talesfromthelou.wordpress.com/2012/02/21/the-nanj...
72.233.61.16

Nanjing Massacre: 300,000 Chinese People Killed, 20,000 Women Raped ... 


Uploaded by on Nov 18, 2006
 
http://RapeofNanking.info Rape of Nanking - Nanjing Massacre. Japanse Atrocities in Asia. Part I of 2. This documentary, by Rhawn Joseph is based on 20 years research and consists entirely of archival photos and film-clips. This film begins with an overview of Japan and China at the beginning of the 20th Century, explains the mind-set of the Japanese and their God, Hirohito, and then continues with the invasion of China, the crimes committed by the Japanese (during the Fall) on the road to Nanjing, Nanjing Massacre, the rape of the Philipines, Unit 731, the Baatan death camps, Japanese denials, and the dropping of the A-bomb on Japan.

The purpose of this film is educational, and to explain the mind-set that led to a horrible crime: the torture and murder of 280,000 civilians by Japanese soldiers who took great pleasure in raping, bayonetting, beheading and burning people alive. We wish to emphasize: These crimes took place throughout Asia, and the Japanese planned the same for the White races as well, including America.

Those who do not learn from the past, are condemned to repeat it. The purpose of this film is, thus, educational. We have no hatred for the Japanese people.

This documentary is an independent production. We are not associated with and never received any financial help from the Chinese government or any group or organization. The film is completely independent. We have no political motives. We have no purpose and no other goal other than to create an interesting, provocative, educational movie that speaks to the mind and intellect, and which can speak to the heart and one'e emotions.

Credits: The English edition is narrated by Rhawn Joseph, Ph.D.. The film was produced, written, and edited by Rhawn Joseph, Ph.D. Additional Credits: Music. The musical soundtrack (all music is identified at the end of the film) was arranged and selected by R. Joseph, Ph.D., and was reproduced in this film courtesy of Arc Music Productions Int., LTD, United Kingdom; Nonsuch Records, Warner Music Group, Rhino Entertainment, New York. Sony Classical Music, New York.


Modern History Sourcebook:
The Nanking Massacre, 1937


The Japanese occupation of Nanking, the capital of the Republic of China, lead to one of the greatest horrors of the century . This eyewitness report was filed by a New York Times reporter.

Aboard the U.S.S. Oahu at Shanghai, Dec. 17 [1937]. 

Through wholesale atrocities and vandalism at Nanking the Japanese Army has thrown away a rare opportunity to gain the respect and confidence of the Chinese inhabitants and of foreign opinion there.... 


The killing of civilians was widespread. Foreigners who traveled widely through the city Wednesday found civilian dead on every street. Some of the victims were aged men, women and children.

Policemen and firemen were special objects of attack. Many victims were bayoneted and some of the wounds were barbarously cruel.

Any person who ran because of fear or excitement was likely to be killed on the spot as was any one caught by roving patrols in streets or alleys after dark. Many slayings were witnessed by foreigners.

The Japanese looting amounted almost to plundering of the entire city. Nearly every building was entered by Japanese soldiers, often under the eyes of their officers, and the men took whatever they wanted. The Japanese soldiers often impressed Chinese to carry their loot....

The mass executions of war prisoners added to the horrors the Japanese brought to Nanking. After killing the Chinese soldiers who threw down their arms and surrendered, the Japanese combed the city for men in civilian garb who were suspected of being former soldiers.

In one building in the refugee zone 400 men were seized. They were marched off, tied in batches of fifty, between lines of riflemen and machine gunners, to the execution ground.

Just before boarding the ship for Shanghai the writer watched the execution of 200 men on the Bund [dike]. The killings took ten minutes. The men were lined against a wall and shot. Then a number of Japanese, armed with pistols, trod nonchalantly around the crumpled bodies, pumping bullets into any that were still kicking.

The army men performing the gruesome job had invited navy men from the warships anchored off the Bund to view the scene. A large group of military spectators apparently greatly enjoyed the spectacle.

When the first column of Japanese troops marched from the South Gate up Chungshan Road toward the city's Big Circle, small knots of Chinese civilians broke into scattering cheers, so great was their relief that the siege was over and so high were their hopes that the Japanese would restore peace and order. There are no cheers in Nanking now for the Japanese.

By despoiling the city and population the Japanese have driven deeper into the Chinese a repressed hatred that will smolder through tears as forms of the anti­Japanism that Tokyo professes to be fighting to eradicate from China.

The capture of Nanking was the most overwhelming defeat suffered by the Chinese and one of the most tragic military debacles in the history of modern warfare. In attempting to defend Nanking the Chinese allowed themselves to be surrounded and then systematically slaughtered....

The flight of the many Chinese soldiers was possible by only a few exits. Instead of sticking by their men to hold the invaders at bay with a few strategically placed units while the others withdrew, many army leaders deserted, causing panic among the rank and file.

Those who failed to escape through the gate leading to Hsiakwan and from there across the Yangtze were caught and executed....

When theJapanese captured Hsiakwan gate they cut off all exit from the city while at least a third of the Chinese Army still was within the walls.

Because of the disorganization of the Chinese a number of units continued fighting Tuesday noon, many of these not realizing the Japanese had surrounded them and that their cause was hopeless. Japanese tank patrols systematically eliminated these.

Tuesday morning, while attempting to motor to Hsiakwan, I encountered a desperate group of about twenty­five Chinese soldiers who were still holding the Ningpo Guild Building on Chungahan Road. They later surrendered.

Thousands of prisoners were executed by the Japanese. Most of the Chinese soldiers who had been interned in the safety zone were shot in masses. The city was combed in a systematic house­to­house search for men having knapsack marks on their shoulders or other signs of having been soldiers. They were herded together and executed.

Many were killed where they were found, including men innocent of any army connection and many wounded soldiers and civilians. I witnessed three mass executions of prisoners within a few hours Wednesday. In one slaughter a tank gun was turned on a group of more than 100 soldiers at a bomb shelter near the Ministry of Communications.

A favorite method of execution was to herd groups of a dozen men at entrances of dugout and to shoot them so the bodies toppled inside. Dirt then was shoveled in and the men buried.

Since the beginning of the Japanese assault on Nanking the city presented a frightful appearance. The Chinese facilities for the care of army wounded were tragically inadequate, so as early as a week ago injured men were seen often on the streets, some hobbling, others crawling along seeking treatment.

Civilian casualties also were heavy, amounting to thousands. The only hospital open was the American managed University Hospital and its facilities were inadequate for even a fraction of those hurt.

Nanking's streets were littered with dead. Sometimes bodies had to be moved before automobiles could pass.

The capture of Hsiakwan Gate by the Japanese was accompanied by the mass killing of the defenders, who were piled up among the sandbags, forming a mound six feet high. Late Wednesday the Japanese had not removed the dead, and two days of heavy military traffic had been passing through, grinding over the remains of men, dogs and horses.

The Japanese appear to want the horrors to remain as long as possible, to impress on the Chinese the terrible results of resisting Japan.

Chungahan Road was a long avenue of filth and discarded uniforms, rifles, pistols, machine guns, fieldpieces, knives and knapsacks. In some places the Japanese had to hitch tanks to debris to clear the road.

From F. Tillman, "All Captives Slain,'' The New York Times, December 18, 1937, pp. 1, 10.

This text is part of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts for introductory level classes in modern European and World history.

Unless otherwise indicated the specific electronic form of the document is copyright. Permission is granted for electronic copying, distribution in print form for educational purposes and personal use. If you do reduplicate the document, indicate the source. No permission is granted for commercial use of the Sourcebook.

(c)Paul Halsall Aug 1997
halsall@murray.fordham.edu 

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Japanese Occupation survivors tell their stories